Mexico Current Issues Drug War - 1197 Words

Stefan Tian Period 2 War in the Cities Recently, Mexico has been facing a horrendous civil war. This internal conflict is coming from the country’s powerful drug leaders. This epic drug war was been taking place ever since these â€Å"cartels† relocated from the South American nation of Columbia to Mexico in the mid 1980s. since then , this bloody conflict has arose several issues in Mexico. Mexico’s new president, Felipe Calderon, just recently launched an all out military campaign against these drug lords in 2007. This campaign included increased military personnel stationed in locations of intense combat. These increased troops eventually ammounted to more than 25,000 troops stationed throughout†¦show more content†¦The Attorney Geenral of Mexico did a scan of his federal police force and found that 1/5 of all federal officers are now put under investigation for criminal activity. Also, 1500 AFI’s are also put under criminal activity.(7) This creates a severe unresting feeli ng in the mexican population as to whether who they can trust. If the drug cartels had already infiltrated the system to the point that they had influences in the very law enforcement department, that is an extensive amount of corruption. The reasons for this corruption is that these cops and federal agents see the kind of money that these cartels generate in the course of a year and they flock to them. They have a considerable amount of revenue, and these cartels know that bribing these officers would help in their operation by ten-fold. The mexican government needs to be careful of their law enforcement department and purge their systems regularly in order to get rid of the corrupted officers. This Mexican drug war has become more than just a nation wide epidemic. Its influences have begun to spread farther, into the United States as well as other South American nations. Once we do settle this conflict with the cartels, a system wide purging is needed too of the government infrastructure. What would probably work better is a whole reorganization of the sytem in order to make sure that no corrupt officers hold any power. Mexico needs to keep this situation under control in order toShow MoreRelatedEssay Obstacles That Weaken Democracy 1652 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstood, but the true test is to follow through the people’s expectations and be capable to overcome obstacles a democracy might face. Mexico has recently celebrated its bicentennial representing their independence and the centennial of their revolution, although they are major accomplishment, they continue to struggle to consolidate a democracy. Along with Mexico there is El Salvador who has confronted many struggles to accomplish independence and improve socially, and continues to struggle forRead MoreU.s. 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Marketing of Qantas Airways in Sydney †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing of Qantas Airways in Sydney. Answer: Company Background Qantas Airways, based in Sydney, is Australias largest airlines founded in 1920. They dominate the domestic airline market with a reported market share of approximately __. The name Qantas comes as an acronym from Queensland and Northern territory Aerial services. The company is known for their standard air fares and for providing good quality domestic and international flights. In 1992, the Australian government sold off their domestic carrier and made the airlines private, which later on went on to merge with British airways. Sydney is the main aviation hub for the airlines and is connected to all the major airports all around the globe. It is one of the ten biggest airlines group in the world and is even believed to be the second oldest airlines after KLM from Netherlands (Qantas.com 2017). The airline is a member of the oneworld international airline alliance that is led by British Airways and American Airlines. To maintain their competitive edge in the market, they have chosen t o better their connectivity through all the major cities around the globe. They have their business line expanded to different other areas like catering and holiday tourism for bettering the bottom lines, which has further differentiated them from their competitors. The airline boasts of an outstanding standard of service when it comes down to safety, reliability, engineering and most prominently customer satisfaction and services. Qantas has a business mission of continuing as a leading premium airline and are dedicated towards being the best in business. They have a vision of meeting the expectations of their customers every time they avail their services. For making sure of that, Qanats invests in their business and always strives for providing their customers with an exceptional service level. For achieving their vision, Qantas focuses on five factors: offering the best possible customer service, putting safety on first antecedence, operational effectiveness, providing the prope r aircraft to match right routes and two best complementary airline brands of Qantas and JetStar. Qantas follows some specific values of never compromising on safety, always lending a hand for helping, protecting customer privacy and supporting environmental initiatives. Currently the airline is providing the comfort of completely flat Skybeds in Business, economy seats designed by the award winner Marc Newson, in-seat entertainment offering in every seat and a full self-service snacks bar in economy in every Qantas B747-400 aircraft. Qantas has five Boeing 747-400 aircraft that is operating on some specific B747 routes that includes Sydney-Dallas, Brisbane-Los Angeles, Sydney-Santiago, Brisbane -Singapore and Sydney-Los Angeles- New York (Qantas.com 2012). Target Market Analysis Qantas targets customers in the Asian and South American regions internationally. Qantas mainly targets the mid-level income group customers instead of the low-level. They are even targeting families and professional through the use of different offers and the loyalty card for lifetime in case of each frequent fliers (Roy Morgan 2013). A market segmentation of the brand is provided below: Segmentation bases Customers segment for Qantas international flights Geographic Area Europe, Latin America, Australia, Asia Density Domestic and international Age All age groups Gender Male, females, family members and others Income High and Middle-income groups Profession Workers and experts Demographic Social position Higher class, middle class and working class Family size Single, nuclear, joint family Psychographic Lifestyle Old-style and modern Events Consistentand other Festive seasons Behavioural Assistances Price benefits and many services under one roofalike B2B business Events Festive season, non-festive season and for the workers Table 1. Market segmentation of Qantas international flights Source: As created by author Qantas has attempted to have a reputation of being an international brand among their customers and in order to do so they have made goodwill ambassador John Travolta, Hugh Jackman and Miranda Kerr promote their products more known and recognizable (Blake 2015). The company even invested in social media sites like Twitter and Facebook for attracting more customers. Qantas customers are most likely to belong from households that have high disposable income rate. They have more probability of having a household income more than the average Australians. Qantas targets both consumers and business markets, as travel is a kind of need that is common to both. Qantas offers aviation service that are required by both these markets segments. Qantass target market consists mainly of leisure travelers who have an above national average annual income. These kind of people groups consists of those people who have a spending power of providing for travelling for relaxing, leisure, gaining experience and exploring the world. In 2010-11 Australias actual net disposable income per person was $51,800 (Abs.gov.au 2012). People who have buying power of more than $70,000 have the capacity of spending on other items even after they spend on buying basic necessities (Brown 2013). In terms of leisure travelers, people between the ages of 18-59 are the people who have the option of making choices of travelling or not, and they even have the purchasing power. People who are business travelers, specifically GMs and C Suites, are generally older in compariso n with the fresh college graduates who have just started working and might not travel as regularly for work. People who are open to spending a lot on fashion, restaurants and fun are open to having new experiences, as they have the opportunity to acquire unique fashion pieces from their abroad trips, all the while trying out different types of cuisine from different countries that they find interesting to explore. In families, guardians plan in advance for the activities and the locations for visiting that would be family friendly and as the best possible price, as travelling as a whole family could be costly. The 2010 financial crisis effected several people hugely and they understood that there is benefit in cutting down on unnecessary expenses. The economy has not been able to recover from this blow till today. The economy went on to become unpredictable and stopped following the 5 years business cycle, as they fear recession can hit any time. Thus, irrespective of the situation that whether of a personal or business level, people look for more cost-effective ways for obtaining the things that they ask for. Organizations encourage workers for travelling in economy class or on budget flights, specifically for short distance trips that can help cut down costs and result in tremendous savings. For regular Qantas travelers, frequent flyer programs are very lucrative as they can be put to use for upgrading their seats or redeeming for free tickets on complete service flights. This happens specifically in case of business travelers who are into travelling often as it is easier for them to bui ld up points (Roy Morgan 2015). These kinds of loyalty programs motivate brand loyalty and push customers to return for next flights. Understanding the market needs and even comprehending the different market variables and profiles, Qantas has the capability to accomplish the preferences and needs and in turn acquire the attention of customers and then convert them into regular ones. Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy for Qantas can be analyzed with the help of the marketing mix analysis: Product The airlines industry is facing an increasing competition and Qantas has been paying extreme importance for product planning. Qantas products are crafted while keeping in mind the need of attracting new customers and holding on to the existing ones. High priority is provided to profitability. Qantas products either include passenger travelling assistances for their airlines or freight containers. In short, Qantas offers their customers premium travelling arrangements (Creedy 2013).Different types of flying arrangements are presented by Qantas: first class, premium economy, international economy and international business class. Different types of seating arrangements, meals, in-flight services, and other facilities are presented to each class. Domestic flights contain distinct economy and business class, along with dispersed in-flight passenger entertainment services. Qantas has always attempted to better their products with the help of better services, Flight information are shared both online or sent from Qantas via SMS. Qantas has even attempted to add more polished and advanced aircrafts to their fleet frequently. With more investments made in this, in-flight entertainment received more boost. Qantas is known for providing their customers with the best connecting flight services all across the globe. They even conduct the best and most well-known frequent flyer programs among all airlines across the world. Being one of the best in business and the topmost industry brand names, Qantas has been able to use this to their advantage for attracting more passengers to their customer list. Qantas freight boasts of better tracking system then other freight carriers. Qantas is truly the king of better connecting flight service, quickest routes around the world and safer containers (Qantas.com 2017). Price The method of product pricing used by Qantas is mainly cost plus margin. In markets where there is more demand, Qantas is prompted to have higher pricing. Qantas is also known to use competitive pricing methods. For low cost airlines, penetrative pricing method is used. Customer flexibility is offered by fair refunding. Qantas famously also provides their customers with price discounts instead of portraying them as just discounts. It is to ensure that customer price perception is maintained. For newer destinations, Qantas makes sure to offer lower pricing. Their frequent flyer program presents some superb customer benefits (Qantas News Room 2014). Promotion Qantas uses different advertising methods like magazines, billboards, brochures, internet advertising and so on for the purpose of branding and product promotion. Messages are sent across by direct marketing. Messages to each customer are customized so that it can hit them at an emotional and personal level. So far, this strategy has worked out for Qantas. In fact, it has been for helpful than the using of mass media for sending across mass communication messages. During low seasons, sales promotions are put to use. Corporate customers see direct selling, and social media sites, blogs and email marketing methods are used for getting further close to the customers. Qantas is also involved in sponsorships of sports and event, involvement and sponsorship of various charitable programs, PR activities, and art and entertainment related programs (Newscorpaustralia.com 2014). Place Qantas counters at all airports conduct direct sales. Their own retail stores are put to use for ticket selling. More and more frequently internet is being used for their benefits. Selling tickets also take involvement from company website and other travel agency sites. Tickets can now be brought with the help of mobile phones and telephones too. At times, even travel agents are used as intermediaries (Hepworth 2017). Conclusion Since its inception, Qantas has always proved to be the leader in premium airlines service all across the globe. They have continuously ranked topmost in terms of world class products and services to their customers. Recent years have witnessed an increasing competition in the airlines industry and companies have started focusing on product strategies. Innovative and creative services and products have formed the base of success in this industry. Qantas is spending a lot on advertisements and they target people from both consumers and business markets. Qantas offers aviation service that are required by both these markets segments. To maintain their competitive edge in the market, they have chosen to better their connectivity through all the major cities around the globe. They have their business line expanded to different other areas like catering and holiday tourism for bettering the bottom lines, which has further differentiated them from their competitors. Qantas has a business m ission of continuing as a leading premium airline and are dedicated towards being the best in business. They have a vision of meeting the expectations of their customers every time they avail their services. The company even invested in social media sites like Twitter and Facebook for attracting more customers. For regular Qantas travelers, frequent flyer programs are very lucrative as they can be put to use for upgrading their seats or redeeming for free tickets on complete service flights. Understanding the market needs and even comprehending the different market variables and profiles, Qantas has the capability to accomplish the preferences and needs and in turn acquire the attention of customers and then convert them into regular ones. References Abs.gov.au. 2012.1370.0.55.001 - Measures of Australia's Progress: Summary Indicators, 2012. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0.55.001~2012~Main%20Features~National%20income~16 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Blake, S. 2015.Hugh Jackman the new face of Qantas. [online] NewsComAu. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/hugh-jackmans-new-job-selling-australia-to-international-tourists/news-story/0948da627bd3ab4e25f56cdd4e4b514d [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Brown, L., 2013. The economy.Teaching Secondary Mathematics as If the Planet Matters, p.16. Creedy, S. 2013.Qantas blames rivals for market share drop. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/qantas-blames-rivals-for-market-share-drop-on-routes-to-australia/news-story/e6be4f473beb4772b4a8db2ee10242ef [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Hepworth, A. 2017.Fare price? London-Perth direct. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/london-to-perth-direct-qantas-fares-could-drop-below-2000/news-story/f4f8a4d502d2bc7774f8d2e935ee5c0a [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Newscorpaustralia.com. 2014.Anything Could Happen - Qantas. [online] Available at: https://www.newscorpaustralia.com/sites/default/files/YL-Digital-Brief_Qantas.pdf [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Qantas News Room. 2014.Qantas Group Strategy Update. [online] Available at: https://www.qantasnewsroom.com.au/media-releases/qantas-group-strategy-update-2/ [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Qantas.com. 2017.Fly with Australias most popular airline | Qantas AU. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/au/en.html [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Qantas.com. 2017.Qantas - Investor Day. [online] Available at: https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/presentations/QAN-Investor-Day-2017.pdf [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Qantas.com. 2012.Qantas Product. [online] Available at: https://www.qantas.com/agents_us/dyn/usqf/info/qantasproduct [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Roy Morgan. 2013.Qantas regaining favour with domestic business travellers. [online] Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/qantas-regaining-favour-business-201305170442 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017]. Roy Morgan. 2015.Qantas reaches new high in customer satisfaction. [online] Available at: https://www.roymorgan.com/findings/6208-qantas-reaches-new-high-in-customer-satisfaction-201504270141 [Accessed 5 Sep. 2017].

5 Steps to Completing Your First Draft

5 Steps to Completing Your First Draft 5 Steps to Completing Your First Draft 5 Steps to Completing Your First Draft By Mark Nichol Follow these stages of preparation and production to assemble a first draft of written (or spoken) content. 1. Identify Your Purpose What is the reason for writing the content? Are you objectively presenting information? If so, is it for educational purposes, or for entertainment or both? Are you writing to help someone make a decision, or encouraging someone to take action? Identifying your goal for the content will help you shape the piece. 2. Identify Your Readership Who are your intended readers (and your unintended ones)? What is their level of literacy, and what is their degree of prior knowledge of the topic? Imagining who your readers are will help you decide what voice and tone to adopt, how formal or informal your language will be though that factor also depends on your approach (see below) and how much detail or background information you provide. 3. Identify Your Approach Should your content be authoritative, or is it the work of someone informally communicating with peers? Are you offering friendly advice, or is your tone cautionary? Are you selling something, or are you skeptical? Should the content be serious, or is some levity appropriate? Determining your strategy, in combination with identifying your readership, will help you decide how the piece will feel to the reader. 4. Identify Your Ideas Brainstorm before and during the drafting process, and again when you revise. If appropriate, talk or write to intended readers about what they hope to learn from the content. Imagine that you are an expert on the topic, and pretend that you are being interviewed about it. Write down the questions and your answers to help you structure the content. Alternatively, present a mock speech or lecture on the topic and transcribe your talk. Draft an executive summary or an abstract of the content, or think about how you would describe it to someone in a few sentences. Or draw a diagram or a map of the content. Using one or more of these strategies will help you populate your content with the information your readers want or need. 5. Identify Your Structure Craft a title that clearly summarizes the topic in a few words. Explain the main idea in the first paragraph. Organize the content by one of several schemes: chronology or sequence, relative importance, or differing viewpoints. Use section headings or transitional language to signal new subtopics. Integrate sidebars, graphics, and/or links as appropriate. Incorporating these building blocks will help you produce a coherent, well-organized piece. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsFlier vs. Flyer50 Synonyms for "Song"

The Enviromnetal Degradation As A Result Of Overpopulation Essays

The Enviromnetal Degradation As A Result Of Overpopulation Essays The Enviromnetal Degradation as a Result of Overpopulation 1 Introduction There are simply too many people on our planet, and the population is not showing any signs of slowing down(see Figure 1). It is having disastrous effects on our environment. There are too many implications and interrelationships to discuss in this paper, but the three substances that our earth consists of: land, water and air, are being destroyed. Our forests are being cut down at an alarming rate, bearing enormous impacts on the health of earth. Our oceans and seas are being polluted and overfished. Our atmosphere is injected with increasing amounts of carbon dioxide, which hurts the entire planet. All of these problems can be traced to our vast, rapidly expanding population, which has stressed our world far too greatly. Our Population In 1994, the world population was 5 602 800 000. This population had a doubling time of only forty-one years (De Blij and Muller, 1994, p.527). The massive amount of people has had highly destructive impacts on the earth?s environment. These impacts occur on two levels: global and local. On the global level, there is the accumulation of green house gases that deplete the ozone layer, the extinction of species, and a global food shortage. On the local level, there is erosion of soils (and the loss of vegetation), the depletion of water supply, and toxification of the air and water. The earth is dynamic though, all of these aspects are interrelated, and no one impact is completely isolated. All of these destructive elements can be traced to our enormous population. As the population increases, so do all of the economic, social, and technological impacts. The concept of momentum of population growth is one that must be considered. It states that areas with traditionally high fertility rates will have a very young structure age. Thus, a decrease in the fertility rate will still result in a greater absolute number of births, 2 as there are more potential mothers. Populations are very slow in adjusting to decreases in fertility rates. This is especially frightening when considering that South Asia has a population of 1 204 600 000 (and a doubling time of thirty two years), Subsaharan Africa has 528 000 000 (doubling time: thirty one years), and North Africa/Southwest Asia has 448 100 000 (doubling time: twenty seven years) (De Blij and Muller, 1994, p. 529-531)and all of these areas have traditionally high fertility rates. Although third world countries do have a far larger population than industrialized nations, and the trend is constantly increasing, their populations should not bear the responsibility for our population-enduced degrading environment. The impact we make on the biosphere is sometimes expressed mathematically by ecological economists as I = PAT. I being impact, P population, A affluence (consumption) , and T technology (environmentally bad technology)(Ehrlich and Ehrlich, 1990, p.24). Concern regarding population increases often focuses on the third world, since it is there that growth is exponential. Yet, it is necessary to recognize that people are by no means equal or identical in their consumption, and thus their impact on the environment (see Map 2). 3 Our Forests ?The sky is held up by the trees. If the forest disappears the sky, which is the roof of the world collapses. Nature and man perish together.? - Amerindian legend Forests are a precious link in the life systems of our planet. They are a part of these vital ecosystem services without which earth would not have been habitable by the human species in the first place and would certainly have become inhabitable again. Forests have crucial roles in the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles that nourish and sustain life on earth. They protect the watersheds that support farming and influence climate and rainfall(Lindahl-Kiessling, 1994, p.167). They save the soil from erosion and are home to thousands of species, and forest peoples whose lives depend on them. They are also a source for industrial and medical purposes. In developing countries, much deforestation is for both local purposes and for export. The UNFPA (United Nations Fund for Population Activities) said in it?s 1990 report that population growth may have been responsible for as much as eighty percent of the forest land cleared between 1971 and 1986 to make room for agriculture, cattle ranching, houses, roads and industries(Ramphal, 1992, p.55). It is estimated that in that period nearly sixty million hectares of forest were converted to farmland and a similar amount of forest was put to non-agricultural uses. This is equivalent

The Importance of Studying Information Systems for a Marketing Student Research Paper

The Importance of Studying Information Systems for a Marketing Student - Research Paper Example It is concerned with activities such as planning, promotion, and selling of services or goods with the aim of satisfying the customer needs and meeting business objectives of an organization. According to my findings from the aforementioned interviews, slight changes in practice and theory of marketing over the years have had a great effect in reshaping companies. Consequently, these changes have also been evident information systems utilized in various business environments. Most companies in various industries have been faced with the problem of controlling the ever increasing volume of information. This is because of the rapidly expanding information processing requirements that are due to their competitive environments becoming more volatile and dynamic. In order for companies to be able to handle the increasing internal and external flow of information, it is important that they embrace and make good use of the opportunities offered by IS. Marketing information is no exceptions and thus managing such information by means of Information Technology is one of the most critical elements of efficient and effective marketing. Information related to marketing includes all terms of facts, date, view, opinion, policies and guidelines, which are necessary for making vital marketing decisions. This data is collected from competitors, customers, government sources, sales staff and other company staff, and from specialized sources and agencies.This will also enable them to improve quality too.... Consequently, these changes have also been evident information systems utilized in various business environments. Most companies in various industries have been face with the problem of controlling the ever increasing volume of information. This is because of the rapidly expanding information processing requirements that are due to their competitive environments becoming more volatile and dynamic. In order for companies to be able to handle the increasing internal and external flow of information, it is important that they embrace and make good use of the opportunities offered by IS. This will also enable them improve quality too. Marketing information is no exceptions and thus managing such information by means of Information Technology is one of the most critical elements of efficient and effective marketing. Information related to marketing includes all terms of facts, date, view, opinion, policies and guidelines, which are necessary in making vital marketing decisions. This data is collected from competitors, customers, government sources, sales staff and other company staff, and from specialized sources and agencies. Through the collection and sharing of such information and by utilizing it in promoting brand and corporate image, Information Systems offers new ways of ensuring improved internal efficiencies of a company. These systems allow for dynamic marketing communication between personnel in accounting, corporate planning, sales promotion and advertising, channels of distribution, product management, and direct sales. There are various types of Information system systems. They can first be classified based on the various levels of operations such as the operational level which requires an operation support information

Capital Structure of CNG Travel Group PLC Case Study

Capital Structure of CNG Travel Group PLC - Case Study Example It is audited by KPMG LLP. The auditor's opinion states that the financial statements including the balance sheet and income statement as shown in here is unqualified. This is the best opinion that an auditor can give. The officers of the company are Chief Executive Officer and Director Finbarr Power (50 yrs old) and Chief Executive Officer of CNG USA, Inc., Director Zara Stassin (33 yrs old), Chief Executive Officer Director P.J.King (36 yrs old) and Secretary Brendan Delaney. The number of employees is around 130 more or less due to hiring and firing turnovers as of December 31, 2004. It has 63,089,690 outstanding shares as of December 31, 2004. Its stocks are traded in the SEA. Website (http://www.crmz.com/Report/ReportPreview.aspBusinessId=7116219) Other suitable alternative instruments, aside from offering its shares of stocks to the general public in a stock exchange, We can also invest our excess and idle money from the income generated from our successful travel and personal or EDP services is to transfer them to invest in foreign exchange. We can invest cash in a volatile currency like US dollar, Japanese Yen or Euro-Dollar among other currencies. When it is volatile that means there is constant increase or decrease in the dollar or other currency value. The general rule is we buy at "low" market price and sell it at a "higher" market price. We gain in foreign exchange transactions by this method. This is what is termed currency futures. When we want the currency delivered to us, in the FUTURE, then it will be delivered. We call this currency FUTURES trading. Other financial instruments that we can invest the excess or idle cash generated from daily gains in its travel and EDP services are a) investment in bonds. In here, loan money to another individual or company where you will be paid in the future. You earn interest income usually higher than the legal rate. You will be paid back both the principal or original amount that you loaned plus the additional interest income that earned for allowing the other party to use your idle cash in their pursuit of income generating options. You are a creditor in this type of financing service. In the present financial setup, the company capital or stocks are offered to the public at volatile stock market prices. The stockholder is a part owner of the business. Other financial instruments, but on a short or less than one year, the transaction is putting your money in Treasury bills. These are usually issued by the government to help generate much-needed funds for its daily operations of running the b usiness of nation-building. Another financial investment opportunity is to deposit them in banks to earn interest compounded daily.

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Muthukumaran Committee Report Tamil Nadu is regarded to be one of India’s star performers in the sector of elementary education. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in terms of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of education in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the duty of the government to provide the necessary infrastructure (schools and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary education. Parents are also liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to school, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as most of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary education sector. The large number of missionary and private schools are also playing a role in the spread of education. The government provides textbooks, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much higher than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of 300 and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has actually spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre under the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts. Tamil Nadu students stood first in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement survey of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to light that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the quality and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level. While the general literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and area of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently lower in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the case of the STs and SCs. It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education system—such as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of instruction and so on—that the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007. This committee had the mandate to work out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to make recommendations for improving its quality. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boards—Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitable school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a Common School or Neighbourhood School system, which with uniform syllabi would help to ‘decommercialise’ educational institutions and put an end to many a private management that does not feel sufficiently accountable to society in this crucial sector. The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would make equal education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also means a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 1:30 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of rote learning. It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would equip the students to learn by themselves; a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere reproduction of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional knowledge should be incorporated and made part of school education. Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, conduct and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their child’s progress. Regular consultation with parents about their wards’ progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a student’s development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to decide the person’s admission into an institute of higher learning then all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high. Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the student’s actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, while all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and English so that these languages can be used for communication. No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individual capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a deciding factor in a person’s life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are being sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law. Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing modern European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is seen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to aided or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in today’s world. It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. Conclusion Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation.